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Miscreants, Scamps, Poltroons and Punks PDF Print E-mail
Culture and Politics - Obama Nation Building
Written by Douglas Wilson   
Saturday, 07 August 2010 07:48

A number of years ago I had the privilege of serving as a foreman on a jury, and I bring this up as an illustration of a principle that the American people may be in the process of rediscovering. We shall see.

The principle is called nullification, and there are different places it can show up. Jury nullification is one, and state nullification is another.

Given what I told them, I don't really know how I made it out of the jury pool and onto the jury, but there it is. Jury nullification is that doctrine that a jury sits in judgment, not only on the defendent, but also on the law. The jury may come back with a verdict of not guilty because they are convinced the defendent didn't do it, whatever "it" is, or at any rate that the case had not been proved beyond all reasonable doubt. We all know that part. But they also have the authority to come back with a verdict of not guilty if they are convinced that the law in question is an unjust or stupid law.

Our modern legal system doesn't want juries to know about this, and so it has adopted the expedient of lying about it. And they lie about it in such a way that, if you know the backstory, the contradictions are thrown into high relief.

When we were all in the jury pool, we were shown a rah rah for juries video that highlighted the importance of juries in the history of our legal system. Hooray for juries, backbone of our freedoms, and so on. They pointed out how important juries were in the run up to the American War for Independence, which was quite true. But they didn't say how or why juries were so important back then. Let me tell you that. That reason was because American juries refused to convict smugglers in the conviction that the laws against smuggling were unjust and stupid.

Then, after we potential jurors were given this inspirational snippet of non-information, we were all given a charge that we on the jury had to do absolutely everything the judge told us to do, no exceptions. We were not allowed to do what had been done back in the day when American juries were giving fits to the royal governors.

So our modern system said to us that we should be inspired by our forebears, but under no account were we to imitate them. And this means, in its turn, that we are currently ruled by miscreants, scamps, poltroons, and punks. Our ruling class has the system rigged and sandbagged in favor of their current privileges, and they guard them jealously.

But hubris has a way of catching up with you. State nullification means that if the federal government does something outrageous, which they are now doing every fifteen minutes or so, that a state can, following the thoughts of one Mr. Jefferson, just say no. The first step of this happening occurred in Missouri this last week, when a repudiation of Obamacare passed by a 3 to 1 margin. Shills for the current system rushed in to tell us that this was all for show, and was just symbolic, because federal law trumps state law. Right?

Wrong. But let's suppose that it were right. What's to keep us from changing that feature?

How about we the people saying that we have decided to let states say no to dumb dictats from the feds? At this, the ruling class goes white in the face. No, we can't do that -- if Missouri or Idaho or Florida could just say no, then we would have chaos! Anarchy! What could go wrong? Might Missouri run up a debt of trillions of dollars for no particular reason? Yeah, that would be bad. But let's risk it, shall we? Don't threaten us with impending chaos when we are trying to deal with the chaos now.

The Tea Party movement began with high levels of irritation over the level of taxing and spending, and the violations of common sense that it represented. But somewhere in there something shifted. The Tea Party movement is now genuinely angry with the ruling class for their high-handed and unconstitutional usurpations. The Tea Party started out believing that our spenders-in-charge didn't have a brain ("You can't spend money you don't have, Jack"), and they are now functioning as those believing that our manipulators-in-charge don't have a soul ("The Constitution says that you can't do that, and you are doing it anyway.")

In the midst of all this, Glenn Beck has been functioning as sort of an out-of-control high school civics teacher, the kind of civics teacher that most of us never had. He has pointed out to rank and file folks the existence of things like the Tenth Amendment, and a lot of people are now reacting the same way Josiah did when they found the book of Deuteronomy and brought it to him.

At the same time, if there is one thing that hubris knows how to do, it is to follow the script laid out for it. This is how the story goes. The Obama White House appears to be trying to create as many Marie Antoinette "let them eat cake" optics as they can. Well, okay . . .

In the meantime, it is just eighty some days to the November elections. And as entertaining as the congressional electoral bloodbath promises to be, don't forget the state level elections. If you get a chance, ask your state candidates if they agree with Thomas Jefferson that the states have the authority to nullify egregious laws and impish statutes from the federal level. If they do, applaud. If they don't, ask them why not.

 

 



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Tim Bayly  Saturday, August 07, 2010 9:13 am
Speaking of throwing stones at the moon, well done.

Love,

Rodney Chrisman  - Federalism in Action -- Maybe it Would Work  Saturday, August 07, 2010 11:12 am
Great post, and I completely agree. It reminds me of a discussion we had in the Legal History class that I taught this past spring at Liberty University School of Law (which, by the way, just got full ABA accreditation: http://www.rodneychrisman.com/2010/08/07/liberty-law-receives-full-aba-approval/)

In trying to decide what we would need to do to return America to a more God-honoring legal system, such as the one upon which it was founded, the discussion turned to the resistance of tyranny by the states as perhaps the best option. It would be very difficult to elect officials to the federal government who would be willing to follow and apply Biblical law and resist the current tyranny, but, it might be easier to do so at the state level.

Imagine, for instance, if the great state of Idaho said, "we will not comply with Obamacare. Send in the troops if you want, but we won't do it." Maybe it would bring some of this to a head, and it would be Biblically consistent since it would be a "revolution" lead by a lower magistrate.

(P.S. -- Pastor Wilson, I had a New St. Andrews Alum in that class.)
Robert Seward  Saturday, August 07, 2010 3:59 pm
That is why O intendts to legalize the illegals anticipating that they will be the Dems saviors at the polls in the future.
Kamilla  Sunday, August 08, 2010 10:38 am
Isn't it right to see jury nullification as a subspecies of civil disobedience?
Rodney Chrisman  Monday, August 09, 2010 2:16 am
I think the answer is yes and no. Jury nullification seems like it should fit with civil disobedience, and, perhaps because of the growing antipathy for it among the ruling class, it should.

However, I would also say that it is not technically civil disobedience in the sense that it has been part of the Western Legal Tradition, particularly in the Anglo-American world, since the Seventeenth century. Not surprisingly, it arose then to protect religious liberty. See, for example, the famous Bushell's Case. Since it is such an ingrained part of our legal tradition, one might argue that it is actually part of our political covenant as a people. Therefore, even if it is disobedience to the current "miscreants, scamps, poltroons and punks" in charge, it is actually being faithful to the higher law that governs our nation.

Prof. Berman has a good discussion of the development of jury nullification in Law and Revolution II on pages 286-287. In footnote 44 to that discussion, he notes that "it was widely accepted that in criminal cases the jury was the final judge of law as well as of fact."

When I practiced law in Eastern Kentucky prior to coming to Liberty to teach, I saw an example of this that had been going on for years. Eastern Kentucky is an economically depressed area, but it was discovered that one could make a great living raising marijuana in the black, rich dirt of the hills. Many, many people were arrested and prosecuted for raising and selling marijuana. Convictions could sometimes be had for the pushers and thugs, but getting a conviction for raising the stuff on your own land was neigh to impossible. Everyone came to believe that the juries were nullifying the law that made it a crime to grow marijuana on your own land.

I was not a criminal attorney, and I am not saying the juries were right in the example above, rather I just give it as a real life example of this in work in our times. The juries of Eastern Kentucky had just decided that raising marijuana on your own land was not a crime, and there was nothing that could be done about it.
Matt Weber  Monday, August 09, 2010 3:20 am
Very wrong. A jurist should never be encouraged to simply ignore any law that he found disagreeable. Can no one really see the immense problem with this? It might be nice in a 'power to the people' populist sense to see a jury stick it to The Man, but it's a recipe for sheer anarchy.

What good is it to bring down the system if you replace it with nothing more than a bunch of people with no loyalty to anything higher than their own opinions?
William Chad Newsom  Monday, August 09, 2010 8:42 am
Matt,

You wrote: "What good is it to bring down the system if you replace it with nothing more than a bunch of people with no loyalty to anything higher than their own opinions?"

That's what we have now in our elected officials. But what if jury nullification meant juries adhering to the limits of the Constitution even though current legal opinion (or even actual laws on the books) ignore this more basic law of the land?

William Chad Newsom
http://www.williamchadnewsom.com/
Frank Golubski  - Upholding, not tearing down, the system  Monday, August 09, 2010 9:17 am
Hi Matt,

Even in a nation of laws, not every law is just -- or applied justly. Because of this, a jury of one's peers acts as a fourth branch of government, if you will -- to check the abuses of power by legislators, executives and even judges.

I don't have the time to go into it, but I would suggest you read up on Jury Nullification --starting with its ancient and established history in western jurisprudence. Here is a good place to start:

http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/history-jury-null.html

The Fully Informed Jury Association (FIJA) is probably the primary source of info on the importance of Jury Nullification today:

http://fija.org/

Could jury nullification be abused? Certainly.

But the purpose of jury nullification is not anarchy -- to "pull the system down," as you have suggested.

Rather it is to uphold "the system" -- the system of justice and law -- even in the face of government authorities who act unjustly under the color of law.

Incidentally, the Bible is full of the stories of heroic people who either openly or surreptitiously -- some even deceitfully -- acted to thwart the (unjust) "law of the land."

Lastly, consider Exodus 23:2:

"You shall not fall in with the many to do evil, nor shall you bear witness in a lawsuit, siding with the many, so as to pervert justice, ... "

Blessings ...
Matt Weber  Monday, August 09, 2010 1:12 pm
That's what we have now in our elected officials.

Then why would you want more of it?

But what if jury nullification meant juries adhering to the limits of the Constitution even though current legal opinion (or even actual laws on the books) ignore this more basic law of the land?

1) I don't know how anyone who has spent more than 10 minutes in 21st century America could arrive at the conclusion that 12 random people would even know what the Constitution says, much less be inclined to uphold it in any case that didn't directly align with their own interests.

2) Even if it did result in this, the fact remains that it could just as easily go in the other direction, and given the state of Barbarian America, most likely would. Get ready for those juries to nullify abortion restrictions.

3) The question is one of proper authority, not what will produce the best result, so it doesn't matter in the end whether renegade juries will be any better than a renegade Congress; the latter can at least pretend at legitimate jurisdiction

Even in a nation of laws, not every law is just -- or applied justly.

Of course not, who said otherwise? A jury could act as a fourth branch of government, but that raises the points:

1) If the first three branches of government are utter failures, perhaps our problem isn't structural in nature.

2) The three branches of government are set up by the Constitution, whereas jury nullification largely happens under the radar and isn't an explicit part of American political tradition.

3) A jury is composed of 12 random people selected on the basis of a certain case...why on Earth would anyone accord this body the power of judicial review?

4) In a country like America, with no agreement on first principles (indeed, we laud our lack of agreement on first principles as a strength!), what does an appeal to 'justice' even mean?

Have juries been used to ignore laws in the past? I'm sure they have, and that they were used during the revolutionary period just as described in the original post. All the more reason why I probably would have been an unabashed Tory at that time.

State nullification is a different animal, as a State is a pre-existing polity with legitimate authority. Even then, nullification is a serious matter that requires more than a simple majority vote (or the blessing of twelve random joes). I quite agree that you should not commit an obvious evil in observation of the law, but no American law requires this so it's irrelevant.

Using the Bible to justify mass civil disobedience sounds more like liberation theology or Social Gospel nonsense than historical Christianity. If we want to nullify something, let's start by nullifying the effects of liberalism on our own minds.
Robert Seward  Monday, August 09, 2010 2:26 pm
The biggest example of State nullification isn't immigration. It is medical marijuana.
Andrew Roggow  Monday, August 09, 2010 2:27 pm
Matt,

I don't know how anyone who has spent more than 10 minutes in 21st century America could arrive at the conclusion that elected or appointed officials would even know what the Constitution says, much less be inclined to uphold it in any case that didn't directly align with their own interests.

State nullification is a different animal, as a State is a pre-existing polity with legitimate authority.

So the state is a legitimate authority? OK. If the legitimate, constitutionally established authority allows the right of jury nullification, how is the usage of jury nullification necessarily anti-authority? Whether or not jury nullification or laws are good or bad depends on whether or not they are used in accordance with Scripture. I think that was Frank's point.

Peace.
Eric Stampher  - So arrest me, then.  Monday, August 09, 2010 3:50 pm
Last fall, the pretty little prosecutor questioned my furrowed brow when I, as a prospective juror, made a face at her comment that we would be agreeing to follow the judge's instructions. I asked her if they could have me arrested if I felt constrained to "disobey." She looked at the crowd and said we had our chance at the voting booth.
Robert Seward  - Voting Booth, huh?  Tuesday, August 10, 2010 7:10 am
Here is a thought experiment. What say, we pass a ballot measure requiring judges to tell jurors that they have the option of voting no based on jury nullification? Imagine a prosecutor's reaction to that becoming a law.
Frank Golubski  Monday, August 09, 2010 9:11 pm
Matt,

I don't think anybody here is "using the Bible to justify mass civil disobedience." (Indeed, there is nothing "mass" about Jury Nullification. It works very slowly, one case -- and one informed juror -- at a time.)

Rather, we are asserting that juries have the lawful power to judge not merely the facts in any criminal case, but the law itself in general, and its application in particular cases.

I agree with you that, in a nation that has officially abandoned its Christian foundations of law, the people's concept of "justice" starts to get a little tenuous. Still, many Americans are biblically-informed Christians who love justice. And while many others may not be so, they still bear the image of God -- they still have a conscience. One does not need to be a believer to recognize an in justice when one sees it.

Consider the following from the article "JURY NULLIFICATION" by Julian Heicklen (http://www.personal.psu.edu/jph13/JuryNullification.html):

Quote:
Juries originally were introduced into England to protect the individual from the tyranny of government. The first case in which juries nullified a law was that of William Penn and William Mead in England in 1670 The jurors refused to convict the two Quaker activists charged with unlawful assembly. The judge refused to accept a verdict other than guilty, and ordered the jurors to resume their deliberations without food or drink. When the jurors persisted in their refusal to convict, the court fined them and committed them to prison until the fines were paid. On appeal, the Court of Common Pleas ordered the jurors released, holding that they could not be punished for their verdict.

Jury nullification was introduced into America in 1735 in the trial of John Peter Zenger, Printer of The New York Weekly Journal. Zenger repeatedly attacked Governor William Cosby of New York in his journal. This was a violation of the seditious libel law, which prohibited criticism of the King or his appointed officers. The attacks became sufficient to bring Zenger to trial. He clearly was guilty of breaking the law, which held that true statements could be libelous. However Zenger's lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, addressed himself to the jury, arguing that the court's law was outmoded. Hamilton contended that falsehood was the principal thing that makes a libel. It took the jury only a few minutes to nullify the law and declare Zenger not guilty. Ever since, the truth has been a defense in libel cases.


Jury nullification also helped nullify the fugitive slave laws of the north -- jurors simply refused to convict people who were technically "guilty" of aiding or harboring runaway slaves.

In several states today, the law requires a person to retreat if possible before resorting to deadly force in self-defense. Imagine a woman being prosecuted for shooting an attacker without first retreating. Would you fault the jury for acquitting her, even if she had technically violated the law?

Or consider Germans helping Jews in Nazi Germany, contrary to the law. Would you not wish jurors in such cases to stand up to tyranny and refuse to convict?

Sometimes the people know how to do justice better than the legislature or the king. The Bible makes this quite clear, and Jury Nullification is merely a mechanism that recognizes that fact.

I would urge you to read up on the history and development of Jury Nullification in western jurisprudence before dismissing it.

Blessings,
Frank
Matt Weber  Tuesday, August 10, 2010 11:43 am
I don't know how anyone who has spent more than 10 minutes in 21st century America could arrive at the conclusion that elected or appointed officials would even know what the Constitution says, much less be inclined to uphold it in any case that didn't directly align with their own interests.

Clever, but no. Judges likely know most of the Constitution, and I'd wager even Congressdunces know at least 5 or 6 of the first 10 amendments. Your average jurist would be lucky to know 2. No, they still don't know what all those words mean, and you can't trust them anyway, but politicians do have some minimal knowledge of what they're supposed to be upholding.

Still, many Americans are biblically-informed Christians who love justice. And while many others may not be so, they still bear the image of God -- they still have a conscience. One does not need to be a believer to recognize an in justice when one sees it.

I'm afraid we may have a fundamental disagreement here. The vast majority of Americans are ignorant, apathetic neo-serfs who will believe anything that strikes their sentimental fancy provided they can extract their attention away from the football game or Oprah long enough to comprehend it. If you ever find yourself thinking that Americans still have some civilization in them, just remember John McCain. Ron Paul was in the primaries, there was no reason anyone couldn't vote for him, and he got some 5% of the Republican vote while we got John McCain. If I didn't have a sense of humor, I'd drown myself.
Andrew Roggow  - Scripture is a greater authority  Tuesday, August 10, 2010 2:49 pm
Frank Golubski wrote:
Even in a nation of laws, not every law is just -- or applied justly.

Still, many Americans are biblically-informed Christians who love justice. And while many others may not be so, they still bear the image of God -- they still have a conscience. One does not need to be a believer to recognize an in justice when one sees it.


Matt Weber wrote:
I'm afraid we may have a fundamental disagreement here. The vast majority of Americans are ignorant, apathetic neo-serfs who will believe anything that strikes their sentimental fancy provided they can extract their attention away from the football game or Oprah long enough to comprehend it.


Matt,

I'm afraid that your opinion of Americans is somewhat accurate, but that Frank is right on the money. Your opinion of the general public is clearly based on nothing but cynical observations (which I share to a certain degree), while Frank's is more in line with the Scriptural doctrine of common grace. We need to inform our political opinions on Scripture first, and on what is happening in our society second, not the other way around. That was my point before. Scripture must be the ultimate and final authority which informs all our other authoritative practices.

Matt Weber wrote:
Clever, but no. Judges likely know most of the Constitution, and I'd wager even Congressdunces know at least 5 or 6 of the first 10 amendments. Your average jurist would be lucky to know 2. No, they still don't know what all those words mean, and you can't trust them anyway, but politicians do have some minimal knowledge of what they're supposed to be upholding.


I don't see how this supports your argument. You are conceding that our government officials don't uphold the Constitution regardless of how much they know. If that is the case then it makes no difference how much of the Constitution the people know.
Frank Golubski  - Gary North on the jury's power  Thursday, August 19, 2010 8:17 am
Quote:
Western Civilization adopted biblical ethics as its moral foundation. The Bible teaches the sovereignty of God, not the sovereignty of man. What this means is that all creaturely power is inescapably limited. Man is a creature; he cannot possess ultimate power, and it is a sign of men's evil intentions if they pursue power as such — power divorced from ethics. All political power should therefore be limited by statute law and also by tradition, because man is a sinful creature. It means, in short, that man is not God. Power is delegated to specific men by God through other men, and all legitimate delegated power is therefore limited power.

The Old Testament required that the people of Israel be assembled once every seven years to hear the reading of God's law. Everyone was required to come: residents, children, women, priests, and rulers (Deuteronomy 31:9-13). No one was exempt. All were presumed to be able to understand the law. Everyone would know when the provisions of God's law were being violated. Thus, men had reasonable expectations about law enforcement. They could predict both the State and each other's actions far better, for all of them knew the public, revealed law.

Absolute authority ruled from the top: God. Limited authority was delegated from God to rulers, but only by means of revealed and fixed law. The rulers could not legitimately change the law, and a bottom-up system of monitoring the rulers was established by the public reading of the law.

The U.S. Constitution, as a written document which binds the State itself, is an indirect product of this biblical approach. So is the common law jury system. A dozen of our peers are presumed to be better than robed judges at deciding both the facts and the law of the case. In any given .judicial dispute, the decision of the jury is final. There is no double jeopardy: once declared innocent, the person cannot be retried for the same crime. The.jury system is the last major bulwark against judicial tyranny.

~ Gary North, Conspiracy: A Biblical View (http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/books/conspiracy/index.html) (Chapter 3, "The Conspiracy's Theology")